Impact Of The Internet On Our Society Media Essay

Impact Of The Internet On Our Society Media Essay The Internet is the epitome of the fast moving, dynamic sector of the twenty first centuary. It is arguably the blazon of innovation in communication technologies, services, and the markets over the last 15 or so years, is viewed by many as a communication frontier with many radical transformative potential  [1]  . The Internet and specifically its usage provides an example that how its nature and consequences has been transforming the society. This paper argues that how the internet brings changes and its impact on society. This paper will also try to find out the role of the State in bringing the changes and development into the Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Internet now has become more pervasive than television and radio in todays globalised world. It provides the rare information and examples that was not easily accessible before. With the expansion of the internet and communication technology the development has started taken place. The significance of the Internet has not just in the field communication but also into each and every sphere of life. The extent of Internet is such that anyone can access any information from anywhere. There is no geographical boundaries left as all are removed by the internet communication technology. Cyber has removed the distance as now everybody is so interconnected, people share their ideas, thoughts, suggestions, problems, ideas etc and cyber always welcome them. Internet welcomes the intellectual activities i. e those who wants to express their views are always welcome.  [2]  Internet has emerged as a prominent medium of communication. The issue that has become a prominent focus of debate and a lso is to examine the impact of Internet on society. This also leads to the transforming phase of the society that how the society is been transforming and a new society is been emerging. In this transformation of the society it is the State which plays a major role in the development of the Information and communication technology which leads to the changes. The evolution of Internet was by United States Department of defence Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, APRANET, in 1970 for transferring data and information. But the way it has transformed our society Hauben and Hauben (1997) refer to as Netizens: Net Citizens.  [3]   It has created its own terminology its own world such as search engines (google.com; wikipeadia.com); web pages, web servers, clients, http, POP, DNS, ISDN and various domain names also. In this present world we talk about e-shopping ; e trade e-toys; e-commerce; e-governance; online services etc which shows the desires of our society that how ready it is to adopt these changes of the changing world. Technology and Social Changes: As everything has its positive and negative impact, internets also have its positive as well as its negative impact not only in the society but also into the security, political and economical ways of living. Since 1993 numbers of the net users have been increasing continuously and now days everybody has its own e-mail id and have access to all the information which is available over the Internet. In terms of security, nuclear issues continue to dominate, but with the greater concerns about chemical and biological weapons and their possible use by so-called rogue states such as Iraq, or terrorist groups able to use the global interconnectedness of transport and ICTs to communicate, organize boundaries more easily. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) as a catch all terms signalled the expanded range of weapons beyond the nuclear seen as threat in the contemporary world. (UK Government, 2002).  [4]  With the arrival of the internet the issue of security becomes more complex and diffi cult to control. Youngs argued that, The more dependent on ICT network individuals, organisations, economies and states become, the more difficult it is to police and control informational boundaries. The digital age feeds on the capturing and transferral of data across increasing numbers of network nodes at ever faster speeds. It is not an overstatement to say that as societies and individuals and entities within them operate via the Internet, whether through e-banking or business, email and chat rooms activity, or political activism, the more they are caught in it, identified by and through the networks they are involved in and the information they contain about them. This is the situation where boundaries can easily collapse, and this goes much further than just the idea that the internet crosses geographical and political divides, and separations between public (institutional) and private (personal) social spaces and places.(Youngs,2001)  [5]   The transnational characteristics of the Internet and its multi-sector nature- economies and politics, public and private commercial and non-profit, formal and informal, institutional and individual and so on- are fundamental to the intricate meaning of the transformations associated with the network society. Many would argue that the internationalisation of the economy, over the twentieth centuary in particular, was a major driver of globalisation, but in the latter part of that centuary ICTs (and to some extent media generally) were integral to that process.  [6]   For blurred boundary between warfare, criminal activity and plain old-fashioned system failure as perhaps one of the greatest difficulties for the nation states. Edward argued Many of the technologies being brought into use are expected to operate across the wide range of platforms-types of computers and types of network, to the extent that different operating systems sharing a network can sometimes have unintended consequences. These can range from system crashes to non- specific random errors. So there is an issue of threshold to be addressed in terms of protective security and military defence. The latter may be good at responding to definite signals, but the small inconsistencies that plague large systems make it difficult to tell when a decisive boundary has been crossed to be able to initiate a large-scale and well-resourced response.(Edward, 2003: 103; my emphasis.)  [7]   The changes into the mode of communication has brought significant and historic changes into the society as well as such developments has given attention on the relationship of communication to the definition and nature of the modern state, its security, identity and democratic processes.  [8]  Internet has become the origin of the communication system in USA. Robert Deibert argues that would withstand a nuclear attack. Young argues that but equally, if not even more interesting are the exponential transformations involving the Internet in all spheres of human and social interactions.  [9]   Young argues about the impact of internet on the economics of the state that while the success of the states becomes significantly linked to digital advances of varying kinds, growing number of citizens are also offered via the Internet an interactive political sphere that extends well beyond the traditional state settings. Reflexive processes impacting on political affiliations and identities are increasingly likely to reflect these expanded circumstances (Youngs, 2001  [10]  ) . With this Internet is representing a completely new virtual social environment, which also links directly the private space of home to the wider world, just as in, some ways, radio and television did, but in case of Internet much more powerfully for example, through interactivity  [11]  . For many people in the world Internet is the medium of exchange of spheres as well as it acts as a medium of global reach. However for some it is not accessible example: digital divide the line which divides the digitally empowered and the digitally poor, hampers the ICT potentials of placing unequal human beings on an equal footing. Digital poverty is much more problematic because it affects not just the traditionally rich but also the traditionally poor and threatens to broaden socio-economic inequalities even further.  [12]  Internet is transforming the lives of human beings and attention must be paid towards the lives of those who are not cyber literate and are disempowered. By making th em cyber literate this problem can be solved and for this purpose active participation is needed. Impact of Internet on Education: Internets help a lot in the field of education by providing new information and keep them updated. It has transformed the relationship between the teachers and the students and gave a new horizon and prospects to it. Example: earlier students were not aware about the current information they depends upon books and newspapers but with the access of Internet they can easily grab the information in whatever language they want and needed. Students learn various languages and can communicate with teachers and experts just by clicking mouse. Internet has now become a source of joy and education both. State is also playing its role in increasing cyber literacy. Government by making various polices is trying to make people participate into the programmes and policies made for the educational purposes. Internet also brings new social environment from private space to the globalised world. As Internet is very helpful for the students and children for their educational purposes in positive aspe cts. However it has its negative aspects also as there are certain websites which are dangerous to them. According to Littleton Colorado, in April 1999(vice-president, Gore) In the field of education children gain access to areas which are not suitable and dangerous. And in other areas also the issues of security is of great concern.  [13]  Firewalls are the issues which are always needed and in great demands for security purposes not only in the field of education but also in business . Internet is the ocean of information, as far as one satisfied it continuously provides information. Political Influence: The Internet explicitly propagates and implicitly spreads western democratic values. These views are mainly spread through some governmental organisations or government-sponsored groups in the West. Internet degrades and repudiates those countries, political parties and governments that have different ideologies from those of the West. It can be used as a tool to harm national sovereignty and interfere with other countries internal affairs.  [14]   Impact of Internet on Culture: The Internet advocates western life styles. These websites displays various aspects of western society and life, and the overwhelming majority of then have positive portrayals of the western life-style. It makes people believe that the West seems to be countries of absolute freedom and paradise for individual achievement where private life is without obstacles and external inferences. This is particularly appealing to the youths whose life philosophy and worldview have yet to mature. They aspire with great diligence to go abroad just to change a way of living. It helps in dominant cultures impact and homogenize in an inferior position. Because the Internet overwhelming is a culture of the English language, it further strengthens throughout the globe the culture based upon the English language. In comparison, cultures based upon any other language have been weakened. It also corrupts peoples mind, influences and changes moral perspective and ethical values. The pornography merchants i n western countries have opened websites. This has led to the Commerce Committee of the U.S Senate to propose the 1995 Communications Act for Good Behaviour to prohibit sex crimes committed on the internet  [15]  However U.S plays a kind of hegemony into the field of Internet. Security threats: Due to hackers nothing is safe on Internet which is transferred. They can strike anywhere and anytime and can hack. According to the Statistics of the US.FBI incidents of the American Internet networks being broken into are rapidly increasing by 30% annually, making the US suffer tremendously.  [16]   Flooding of Information: Waste of time and resources The Internet is capable of providing connectivity to millions of people together. People connected together may create Internet junk such as advertisement; product information etc. It may provide incorrect information which may be real or fake. The creation of unwanted information online is a huge loss of time and cost of searching valuable information as well as people may get mislead easily. The younger generation is highly infected with this because of two factors such as their young age and also they have time to access Internet as much as they want and the information which is available on internet may mislead them to other directions. Conclusion: This paper focussed on how Internet has its impact on our society and how the technology brings social change. How the technology benefits the human beings and how it brings prosperity and welfare and how every citizen is benefitted with the Information and Communication technology. For building information-oriented or cyber literate society state do not need resources to invest more and more into it but it needs creative individuals and comparatively small amount of investment in ICT infrastructure. As anyone can easily provide the information about the product and all the transactions takes place online. Example: Carpet industries in Bhadohi (U.P, India),if someone wants to place an order from US then he need not to come to India but can place order online. Or, Puppets from Rajasthan, can ordered online from anywhere in the world. All the geographical boundaries are been collapsed through Internet as even the smallest information is available on Internet at the cheapest rates. Info rmation and Communication Technology also helps to remove the economical inequalities. And also tries to remove the digital divided or the technological imbalances not only in between the countries which are developed and under-developed but also between the males and females. As Susan Stranges had argued in analysis of global political economy, in advance of the Internet age the importance of technological power for an understanding of continuing US hegemony widespread economic significance of ICTs, and the prominence of major corporations such as Microsoft.  [17]   The impact of the Internet on our society is discussed in this paper on the fields of education; politics; culture; security and economics. All these reflect the needs of the regulatory measures or the cyber laws not only just making but implications also. However an increasingly networked and information driven world as a community is been formed. They can access to all the information which includes e business, cross border political affiliations and activism that may help to form new kinds of identities; individual research activities that enable, for example, citizens to gain access to world press and other official views of governments action; cross national political or personal discussions in chat rooms; email relationships between people who have never met.  [18]  As Young, argued that Internet is both complex as well as easy and through Internet crosses the geographical and political divides and also it brings separation between public and private social spaces and place s. In conclusion, once the Internet is opened it should be used as a tool through which information can be gathered and can be used for the development and welfare purposes and should it not used as an objective. And State should try to gain victory over the challenges such as cyber literacy, bridging the digital divide; providing services online; cyber laws and their implications.

East Is East

East Is East East is East is a play by Ayub Khan-Din, first produced by Tamasha Theatre Company in co-production with the Royal Court and Birmingham Repertory Theatre. It is often cited as one of the key works to bring Asian culture to mainstream British audiences. The play is published by Nick Hern Books. Ayub Khan-Din (born 1961 in Salford, Lancashire) is a British Pakistani actor and playwright. â€Å"When I began to write East is East, I was sitting at my kitchen table pouring out my life story bit by bit.The first draft came incredibly quickly: there's writing what you know and there's writing what you've known your whole life† Given Circumstances  · Who am I? Ella Khan, 46, Irish-Catholic, housewife, works in family shop  · What time is it? Century? Year? Season? Day? Night? Early? Late? Date? 1970’s  · Where am I? UK, Salford, family house, fish and chip shop  · Who is here with me? Family (Husband, 7 children)  · What are my relationships? Husband (Geo rge) – she loves him but doesn’t agree with everything he doesChildren – she tries to protect them from George and what’s them to be happy  · What is my super-objective? Feelings? I consider Ella as the â€Å"victim† of the film. It’s easy to understand that she loves her husband, and wants to please him, but when he starts to decide too much about their children, she doesn’t know what to do anymore  · What is the obstacle? Is there more than one? She finds herself unable to stand up to George until he pushes her too far by abusing their children. Ella Khan Ella has a strong belief in freedom, fairness, family †¦ and Salford.Ella is ferociously protective of her kids. She's learnt that society is hostile to them and also that their father is not prepared to allow them the freedom she herself feels they should have. So she spends a lot of her life fighting for them or keeping things from George to protect them from his anger. I think Ella is like someone who lives under an oppressive regime – she has had to develop cunning, she is sometimes passive, sometimes aggressive and will do anything to make allies. One thing she has above George is that she sees her situation with clarity.He believes that moving to Bradford would solve their problems but Ella knows that the Pakistani community there, especially the women, will never accept her. This is why she has insisted on staying in Salford. Friendships with women are vital to her, with the affection and support they bring, and without Annie, Ella would perish. Whats the story? In EAST IS EAST, George (Om Puri), who is Pakistani, marries Ella (Linda Bassett) and they settle down in Manchester to have seven children and run a fish and chips shop.George wants his children to adopt the religion and customs of Pakistan, yet oldest son Nazir objects to an arranged marriage and bolts in the middle of the wedding ceremony, and in all the family chaos, they ha ve neglected to have their youngest son circumcised. With India at war with Pakistan, George's fear of the loss of his homeland and culture makes him even more concerned about passing on that culture to his children.They go to the mosque, grudgingly, but they feel like Brits and only one of the seven kids wants to live according to Pakistani traditions. The others want the freedom of Western culture. They may feel English, but they look Pakistani, and George fears that the culture they want will never accept them. His neighbors support a politician named Enoch Powell who is calling for repatriation of foreigners. But George and the neighbor do not know that their children are romantically involved.

Arab sheikdoms in the United Arab Emirates Essay

Dubai is one of the seven Arab sheikdoms in the United Arab Emirates (U. A. E. ). Before oil and gas were discovered in 1958, it was among the very poor sheikdoms under British protection and was once called a Trucial State. Today, their sheiks are independent and among the world’s richest men, with a gross annual income of $25. 7 billion. It has vast reserves of oil and natural gas (Ibrahim, 1982). The land is mainly salt mashes, barren desert, and sandy plain. Oases stud the desert areas. To the east, the mountains lie close to the sea. It is also famous as having the highest cost of living in the world – the cheapest apartment rents for $1,000 per month (Peck, 1986). The Emiratians (Dubai people) used to be pirates, fishermen or pearl divers, nomads or oasis farmers. Most are now wage earners or businessmen who feel more conscious of a national identity as a rich and important country. They are famous for two unique sports: (1) camel races, and (2) falconry. Colorful music, dancing and singing also give life to this otherwise dry place. This area of Gulf was notorious for piracy. They preyed on the trade between Europe and China. The British came in 1806 and started to impose oder against the Arab pirates. In 1853, piracy was finally wiped out when the sheiks signed the Perpetual Maritime Truce Agreement with Britain. Thus, the Pirate Coast became the respectable Trucial States (Seale, 1988). Today, Dubai is the largest commercial center and the nerve center for smuggling Western currency, gold, and other goods into the Indian subcontinent, especially Pakistan. Dubai is also the outlet for capital fleeing Afghanistan and Iran. One phenomenon of the oil boom was to fill Dubai’s population (like that of Kuwait and Qatar) mostly with foreigners. The majority of the population or around 50% is Indo-Pakistani outnumber the native Arabs, who populate the land by only 42%. The large foreign population (mostly migrant workers) are lured to Dubai by the high salaries, welfare benefits, and rapid development. To keep discipline, the governing Arab sheiks have emphasized Muslim (Shariah) law, religious education, and the observance of Muslim practices. The Muslim rulers and people are Sunnis, strongly influenced by the strict Wahabi sect of neighboring Saudi Arabia (Peck, 1986). Diplomacy, national security, information, communications, health, education, and the budgets of the three smaller emirates are decided by the federal government. The local sheiks retain control over policy within their emirates. The laws of Dubai (under the United Arab of Emirates) are divided into two main categories: union laws and decrees. A bill drafted by the Council of Ministers for non-binding deliberation by the Federal National Council and then submitted to the president for his assent and the Supreme Council of the Union for ratification becomes a union law when promulgated by the president. Decrees are issued jointly by the president and the Council of Ministers between sessions of the Supreme Council of the Union. As the final say is always on the Supreme Council of the Union, a decree must only be confirmed by them to remain valid (Ibrahim, 1982). Dubai’s political system, which is a unique combination of the traditional and the modern, has underpinned this political success, enabling the country to develop a modern administrative structure while, at the same time, ensuring that the best of the traditions of the past are maintained, adapted and preserved (Ibrahim, 1982). Relations with the other members of the U. A. E. have not always been smooth. The discovery of a big natural gas field in Sharjah reopened a border dispute with Dubai. In November 1982, Dubai sent tanks to the border to prevent Sharjah’s foreign contractors from drilling the field (Seale, 1988). However, not all is coming up roses for Dubai. Bad planning and extravagance have now caused new miseries. In fact, the most outstanding examples of ill-conceived investment in the Arab world are found in the Dubai ports and so-called international airports stand cheek to cheek. Within fifty kilometers of its coast are three major ports, including the Mina Jabel Ali, the biggest manmade port ever built. Its sixty-seven berths are now suffering terrible losses. Being a member of the United Arab Emirates, Dubai has an international airport of its own, making cynics joke that the state boundaries end where the next runway begins. The headquarters of the Arab Monetary Fund in Dubai have polished one-way windows done with gold compound (Peck, 1986). References Ibrahim, Saad Eddin. (1982). The New Arab Social Order: A Study of the Social Impact of Oil Wealth. Westview Press. Peck, Malcolm C. (1986). The United Arab Emirates: A Venture in Unity. Westview Press. Seale, Patrick. (1988). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press.

Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe - 1341 Words

Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, is set in Nigeria during the 1890’s. The novel focuses on the clash between Nigeria’s white government and the culture of the Igbo people. Learning to Bow: Inside the Heart of Japan, by Bruce Feiler, covers Feiler’s journey to Japan to teach English and American culture for a year in the 1980’s. Throughout each novel, the reader is presented many different elements of each societies beliefs and culture. The central conflict surrounding each novel involves one unique, isolated, culture attempting to keep its traditions in a time where Western culture is demanding a change. Things Fall Apart and Learning to Bow: Inside the Heart of Japan, discuss the effect of two unfamiliar cultures on each other when cohabitation takes place. Things Fall Apart deals with tension about whether or not change should be accepted over tradition. Okonkwo resisting the new political and religious orders shows the tension change provides. He f eels that the new orders are not manly and that he himself will not be manly if he consents to join them. In some way, Okonkwo’s intransigence to the new orders revolves around his placement among society. His sense of self-worth is dependent upon the traditional hierarchy by which society places him. Okonkwo is placed at the top of the hierarchy, and if he were to embrace Christianity, he would then be on the same level as the outcasts of society. Many of the clan’s outcasts were inspired to embrace Christianity as aShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbook Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe does just that. This book should be taught in schools because it shows the values and traditions of Achebe’s Igbo culture, persistently teaches life lessons throughout the book, and shows the darker reality of European colonialism in Africa. Chinua Achebe is known as one of the most influential and famous authors to ever write. Chinua Achebe originates from an Igbo background and he expresses that through his writings very well including Things Fall ApartRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1324 Words   |  6 Pages Chinua Achebe chose to write his novels in English to reveal a deep response of his people to colonisation and to make that response understood to people all over the world. Things Fall Apart was written in English to teach people worldwide of the struggles he faced and the people of Nigeria faced growing up. Many authors and critics have written about Achebe’s ‘Things fall apart’ adding their valued opinion on what he was trying to say and his decision to write in English. In the followingRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pages who took their land for monetary gain. This was a dark period of time for Africans that live there. The U.S. Civil War and The Great Depression both can be related, in this instance, to how down their people were because of what happened. Chinua Achebe said it best, â€Å"I would be quite satisfied if my novels...did no more than teach my readers of their past...was not a long night of savagery from which the first European acting on God’s behalf delivered them†(qtd. in â€Å"Morning Yet† 45). In theRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1452 Words   |  6 Pagesassume control over the Roman Empire. However, imperialism in Africa remained a recorded element from 1750 to 1945. This paper visits how control and changes were influences over the Africans during this time period as seen through Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart. (UKEssays, 2015) Europe was experiencing a few financial and political changes that forced the major European forces to investigate abroad regions to add to their resources during the seventeenth century. In order for the EuropeanRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe2361 Words   |  10 PagesThings Fall Apart Book Critique Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a historical fiction novel describing the life of Okonkwo in a Nigerian village succumbing to European ways, in order to portray Achebe’s view on imperialism. It was chosen for us to read by our teacher because it describes imperialism and its effects in an Ibo village of Nigeria. It also shows the treatment of natives by the Europeans and how the natives reacted. Things Fall Apart is useful to our course of studies because itRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1265 Words   |  6 PagesThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is markedly relevant to our current course of studies in World History, as it tells a story based on European Imperialism in Africa. Coming off the heels of our Imperialism unit, this post-colonial novel provides very helpful context on different civilizations’ perspectives throughout the Age of Imperialism; aside from analyzing death tolls, descriptions of conflicts, and names of countries, it was previousl y hard to envision what life was actually like during thatRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe 735 Words   |  3 PagesThings fall apart. Achebe. Ernest Gaines once said, â€Å"I write to try to find out who I am. One of my main themes is manliness. I think Im trying to figure out what manliness really is.† Indeed, every society or culture has its own understanding of an ideal man. Even though these characteristics are different in various parts of the world, the significance of masculinity can never be overestimated. â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe is considered as one of the best examples of a riseRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe692 Words   |  3 Pagesthe way to go. Through commercial trading Islam spread into Igboland, and this led to more Igbo people leaving the Igbo way of life for another, whether it be Islam or Christianity which divide the country in two. In the novel Things Fall Apart written by Chinua Achebe British colonialism and the migration of Muslims to Nigeria led to the change in the faith, social and economic changes in the Igbo society. Traditional Igbo faith believes that there is only one creator or god known as ChinekeRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe897 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe the Igbo tradition revolves around structured gender role. Everything essential of Igbo life is based on their gender, which throughout the novel it shows the role of women and the position they hold, from their role in the family household, also planting women crops, to bearing children. Although the women were claimed to be weaker and seemed to be treated as objects, in the Igbo culture the women still provided qualities that make them worthyRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1851 Words   |  8 Pageschoice and styles are critical not only to the reader’s understanding of the text but to his appreciation as well. How language is effectively manipulated in their writings enhances the reader’s valuing of the works. The selected novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a representation of Igbo culture and their language. It explores the life of an Igbo tribe at the time of when colonization hit Africa. It could be considered as a post-colonial text, as the protagonist of the story and the other

Essay on Motivations for Emigration to the New World

As it continued to grow, colonial America stood as a terrific opportunity for those poor Englishmen seeking a way out of economic and religious turmoil. Depression created chronically unemployed drifters across the countryside. Takeover of national power by the Church of England led to unfair treatment of other religious sects. But was it economic of social concerns that pulled more British citizens away from their homeland and toward the dangerous, uncharted Americas? In my opinion, more migration was directly linked to the yearning for wealth and the escape of poverty than the wish for a safer religious environment. It is true that many colonies, Plymouth and New Hampshire for example, were founded with religious freedom as a main†¦show more content†¦Plymouth, following Jamestown thirteen years later, was only founded in New England because its settlers were blown off course (allegedly on purpose) from their planned destination, the Jamestown area. England hoped to creat e a colony of economic worth above all else. Once English colonization had been established in the Americas, great agricultural success (mainly of tobacco and sugar) proved very appealing to poor Englishmen seeking a way out of poverty. In 1612 John Rolfe perfected the cultivation of tobacco, making it easy to grow yet highly profitable. The Great Migration of 1630-1642 brought approximately 68,000 English, primarily indentured servants, to America. Indentured servants got a ticket to America in exchange for service to a wealthy landowner. In Virginia and Maryland, those with enough money to pay their own passage received free land upon arrival in the colony. Carolina was formerly created in 1670. Its founders hoped to form an economy from growing foodstuffs to provision the tobacco colonies and the sugar plantations of the West Indies, whose economies evolved around their single crop. Like the colonies Carolina sustained, its creation was based on a rich economic atmosphere. New England colonies, especially Massachusetts, too k advantage of cod-filled waters and dense lumber-producing forests. The coast of Newfoundland was often referred to as the gold mines of NewShow MoreRelatedCommon Reasons for Immigrating to a Different Country Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesStates of America on the grounds of economic reasons, personal reasons, and political reasons. These reasons contribute to a person leaving his or her native country and joining the culture of someone else’s. The term for this movement is emigration. Emigration is the act of leaving ones native country or region to settle in another. It is the same as immigration but from the perspective of the country of origin. America, also known as the land of opportunity, is the country where natives ofRead MoreThe Middle Passage, By Lorraine Hansberry, Africa For The Africans By Marcus Garvey1794 Words   |  8 PagesAmericans still experienced discrimination and prejudice. The idea of an emigration movement came about and was debated among the African Americans who were searching for freedom and liberty. The play, A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, and the essay, â€Å"Africa for the Africans† by Marcus Garvey, both portray the idea of emigration. Hansberry and Garvey’s works contrast each other in portraying the purpose of emigration. Beneatha’s possible decision to emigrate to Africa is because of her personalRead MoreThe Islamic Revolution Of Iran2209 Words   |  9 Pagesfreedoms results in a great exodus and undercuts the intellectual capital of the country. The Islamic Republic of Iran captured the attention of the world because of its persecution towards ethnic min orities, difficulty to find jobs after post-secondary education, and overall hostility with the West. Although Iran is very isolated from much of the outside world since the Islamic Revolution of 1978-1979, its borders have not been closed (Hakimzadeh). Thirty years after the notorious Islamic RevolutionRead MoreMigration in the 19th Century5601 Words   |  23 PagesBibliography 1. Introduction Emigration was directly linked to the situation in the country of origin. Especially from 1820 onwards Malta had formidable problems with redundant population. Peace in the country developed occupancies, which led to unemployment throughout the country. Although the country was afflicted by several diseases like the plague in 1813 and cholera this did little to curb the unstoppable growth in population. Many inhabitants saw emigration, as the only possible solutionRead More A Perception and Motivation Study Among Married Adults Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Article Critique: Forgiveness: A perception and motivation study among married adults Abstract The article is endeavors to observe the possible correlation between general forgiveness (actually forgiving) and perceptions of forgiveness (a belief in the concept). This is a summary analyzing the credibility of the article. The summary includes a brief overview and critique of the title, abstract, literature review, methodology, a review of results and discussion, andRead MoreThe Holocaust : The Execution Of The Final Solution2197 Words   |  9 Pages The Holocaust, the execution of the Final Solution in response to the Jewish problem, commenced in the early 1940s. However, throughout the beginning and middle of World War II, Hitler tyrannized European Jews by forced emigrations and deportations out of Western Europe. World War II comprised this incremental radicalization of oppression towards the Jews; expulsions and deportations to prohibitions and ultimately, an attempt to enact mass genocide. What was the cause for the intensification ofRead MoreCritical Reflection And Professional Enquiry And The Importance Of Education998 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Pollard (2014:7), â€Å"the values we hold about the importance of education are critical to the decision to become teachers in the first place, and to sustaining our motivation and resilience through our career†. However, while values such as social justice, trust, professional commitment or respect are held as pivotal forefronts for the core of the teaching profe ssion, as stated by the General Teaching Council for Scotland in the Standards for Registration (2012), it should also be essentialRead MoreEssay about Jamestown Project1374 Words   |  6 PagesAtlantic History. The story of Jamestown is told in a much more authentic, elaborate style than our textbooks has presented. As Kupperman points out, Jamestown was not only important to United State’s history but also to British history. From the motivations to the lasting effects, she gives an accurate account of all components involved in Jamestown. Also, there is a chapter devoted to the Native American experience, which shows a non-Western view of events. The book is written in a format that isRead MoreThe Environment Is A System Of Living Things1393 Words   |  6 Pagesour planet with the request for more nutrition from less land and water supplies. As the total population develops, enhancing expectations for everyday comforts and improving living standards without destroying the Earth is a global challenge. Our world population is growing at about eighty million people a year, which equates to an average of two-hundred and twenty thousand people per day. (2) In the event that current trends persist, a host of questions regarding the fate of mankind and the planet’sRead MoreEconomic Immigration: the Case of Spain4636 Words   |  19 Pagesmy topic it proved to be a very interesting one. I learned many new things while writing this paper and it was really interesting to read all this information about immigrants and their reasons to go to Spain and not some other country. I. Introduction 1. The term immigration and the general theories behind it Immigration is the introduction of new people into a habitat or population. It is a biological concept

Mimesis in Alice in Wonderland - 2678 Words

Essay on mimesis in Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass A quest in search for the elements which consitute a new notion of mimesis in Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass Mimà ©sis ve svÄ›tovà © literatuÃ…â„¢e/Klà ¡ra Kolà ­nskà ¡, Úterà ½ 10:50 – 12:25 â€Å"Who in the world am I?† Ah, that’s the great puzzle.[1] This question, asked by Alice herself at the beginning of Alices Adventures in Wonderland, anticipates the theme of identity and the reflection of mimesis in the literary nonsense and the author develops the subjects to the utmost and deepest experience in the two texts. By setting his main character in the world which creates a†¦show more content†¦In Wonderland and through-the-looking glass world language is not only the means of communication, the characters use it the same way as people use power; to gain superiority upon one another. As Daniel Whiting comments: The invention view seems to assume that whether an utterance has meaning and what meaning it has it entirely up to the speaker.[8] This can been seen especially in the character of Humpty Dumpty, who gives his own meanings to the words. Carroll is toying with the language and communication using its ambiguity and various references to con fuse Alice. Moreover, the communication gains a new meaning, its role is no longer to transmit a message to the listener; it is transformed into meta communication. Most of the conversations in the two texts consist of talks on how to communicate, Alice being the one who communicates on a different level than the characters she encounters. As Gabriel Schwab puts it: As in a dream, language is both malleable and concrete; words are condensed, dialogues stripped of their pragmatic function, meanings are displaced metonymically, and references are suspended or transformed.[9] Having pointed out the fact that Alice is copiously being challenged by the language games with the characters, one observes another significant motif in

Corporate Governance Jordanian Industrial Companies

Question: Part 1 Assessment Criteria: Demonstration of knowledge of the issues and evidence of wide reading to support your analysis Demonstration of your ability to apply the knowledge to identify keys issues leading to your recommendations Evidence of sound reasoning and the exercise of professional judgment to support your recommendations Development and statement of concise recommendations for presentation to the Chairman and shareholders Overall structure and professional presentation of the report to the Chairman and shareholders High quality written communication of concepts and terms in ordinary English as not all shareholders can be assumed to be professionally competent in corporate governance Required Assume you have been engaged as a corporate governance consultant to a board of directors of a public company listed on the stock exchange. Your assignment is to prepare a report to be submitted to the Chairman of the board explaining and analyzing how the company should define and delineate the separate roles, duties and responsibilities of the companys board of directors from those of the CEO. Your report should contain specific recommendations on the separate roles of directors and the CEO. The Chairman has specifically indicated that she intends to make your report available to shareholders of the company and that the document will be published on the companys web site. Part 2 Assessment Criteria: Demonstration of knowledge of the issues and evidence of wide reading to support your analysis Demonstration of your ability to apply the knowledge to identify keys issues leading to your recommendations Evidence of sound reasoning and the exercise of professional judgement to support your recommendations Development and statement of concise recommendations for presentation to the AICD Overall structure and professional presentation of the report to the AICD High quality written communication of concepts and terms using language for an audience that is assumed to be professionally competent in corporate governance. Answer: Part 1 Executive Summary The present business culture wars between government, regulatory bodies and the board of directors are emphasizing the need to define roles and responsibilities in a company. As per the case between Westpac Banking Corp and ANZ Banking Group, the regulators are accused of turning out to be a culture police. The main objective of the report is to assign separate roles, duties and responsibilities to the company directors as well to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the company so as to maintain smooth functioning of the business and its culture along with projecting a brighter image of the company to the stakeholders. Analysis of Defining and Delineating Separate Roles and Responsibilities of the Companys Board of Directors from those of the CEO The disputes in assigning and performing roles and responsibilities for board of directors, management professionals and shareholders of the company have resulted in creating a disturbance in the general prosperity of the company. According to the chairman Greg Medcraft of Australian Securities Commission, the directors should not be held criminally responsible for any disobedient culture of the company. Creating a healthy business culture is the responsibility of the CEO of the company who is also directly accountable for the matters related to business. The functioning of corporate governance depends on the board of directors structure, techniques, methods, roles and responsibilities. Therefore, the board of directors is considered as a vital part of the corporate governance. Appointment of directors is done by the shareholders who are the policy-makers of the company (Jan Sangmi, 2016). From the scenario of the case, it is observed that the directors of the companies are showing their concerns about their roles and responsibilities and are not ready for any kind of changes implemented in holding directors accountability for wayward culture of the company. The roles of board of directors should be focused on three main areas. First, the policy-making in which the directors are to make policies which distinguish the responsibilities and roles among the board and other management professionals. Secondly, decision-making by which directors are to make decisions regarding agreements with other organizations and thus delegate the powers of maintaining prosperity in the company to others. Thirdly, the role is not to oversight in which directors are to do the supervision and not to manage the organization (Arnwine, 2002). The general duties of the directors include the endorsement of success of the business, to exercise and emancipation the power of the company and to show care and carefulness for the company (Waller, 2012). The responsibilities of directors are to monitor the performance along with affairs of the company, to manage the company properly, to ensure good corporate governance and to describe the structure for authority delegation to management (Aina, 2013). According to the Australian Financial Review (April 2016), Patrick Durkin, directors of boards advised that the defiant culture of the company should be managed by the CEO and not by the directors. The separate roles and responsibilities of the CEO in consideration of the case are to manage the company, and to perform the power as well as strategies given by directors to strengthen the decision making policy, to take responsibility and accountability for decisions, to face the consequences related to the moral and legal act of the com pany (Ferrell Ferrell, 2011; Kakabadse, 2006). As stated in the case by founder and director of IBIS World, Phil Ruthven, if right kind of strategies was made to assign the roles and responsibilities for CEO, the problem of passing matters as an excuse to higher authorities will be sorted out. Specific Recommendations Made for the Separate Roles of Directors and the CEO For smooth function of a company both directors and CEO should come into common understanding of the business strategies. Though directors and the CEO should function for the success of the company but their roles and responsibilities are to be separated. The role of directors should not only to lead the meetings but should encompass establishing proper communication with the CEO. Directors should avoid the over engagement in the management proceedings and hence pass on the responsibilities of managing company to CEO. Directors should continuously monitor the performance and progress of the CEO in order to develop better strategic plan for the company. As per the scenario presented, directors should make an organizational structure more efficient to limit liability of decline in cultural harmony of the company to CEO (Arnwine, 2002). The directors active participation in setting board agenda would be fruitful for managing information flow of the company (Gabrielsson, Huse, Minichill i, 2007). On the other hand, CEO plays a vital role in business operations. CEO should be given an independent authority so as to involve in decision-making process more effective. The roles of CEO should be separated for better corporate governance. The CEO should be allowed to make suggestions to the directors and at the same time disapprove of the wrong decisions imposed to him. Proper communication channel should be initiated for the CEO to make efficient interactions with the directors. The CEO should work more on the objective of the company than the personal interest (Brickle, Coles Jarrell, 1997). An ethical working environment should be created by the CEO to manage the salvo in the company. The CEO should not show any kind of waywardness to the top management as directors are the ultimate governing entity of the company. The directors as well as the CEO of the company should enhance their relationship for the accomplishment of the organizations aims. Self-interests of dire ctors and the CEO should not collide to maintain peace in the company. The preferences of the directors and the CEO should be focused on serving stakeholders attention. The directors should not try to influence the behavior of the CEO by using its top management power. CEO of the company should completely work on improvement of the culture of the business to uphold strong and better coordination between the management professionals. The buck stops with the CEO unless there is equal participation of directors. Community and public relations should be highlighted by directors and the CEO in order to project organizations mission, programs, strategies and positive image to the stakeholders. Part 2 Executive Summary Corporate governance is concerned with efficient decisions taken by the managers that result in positive outcomes, which is beneficial for the stakeholders. The need of good corporate governance is determined to be of paramount substance at present day organizations because of the separation between management and the owners. The protection of the interests of the investors is a feature of a good corporate strategy. If the investors do not get adequate returns of their investment, they will take no more interest in investing (Al- Haddad, Alzurqan Al_Sufy, 2011). Corporate governance ensures the establishment of control mechanisms, which ascertain that the money of the investors is not invested in wasteful projects (Drobetz, Schillhofer Zimmerman, 2003). Relation between Corporate Governance and Return of Investors It is believed that a good corporate governance strategy tremendously contributes to increasing the returns of the company. In the presence of a weak corporate governance strategy, a manager can exploit his/her power to fulfill personal interests at the expense of the investors. It is argued that if the cash flows and opportunities of investment exist in a company, a positive dividend payout ratio will gear up the price of the share. The managers oriented towards growth tend to overinvest and pay less dividends (Gugler, Mueller Yurtoglu, 2004). In a survey conducted by McKinsey, it is found that if in a nation the law does not protect interests of the shareholders, they prefer to invest in companies that have strong corporate governance (Chen, Chen Wei, 2009). In most of the advanced economies, the corporate governance strategy involves proper funding of the companies from the investors along with ensuring return of the investors profit. A contract between the managers and the inve stors ensures the ways in which the funds are invested along with specifies about the allocation of profits between the management and investors. To overcome the problem of unanticipated events, certain residual control rights are alienated among the managers and the investors that give rights of decision-making. At the time of funding, the investors generally take all the control rights but because they are not equipped enough to take decisions like managers, so certain portion of residual rights are given to the managers. Now, the role of corporate governance lies in the fact that it sets a limit to the residual control rights of the managers (Shleifer Vishny, 1997). The Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) can make the investors understand the significance of a sound corporate governance strategy in protecting their interests. The investors are not willing to consider the importance of corporate governance in the investment decision because they might be thinking tha t the governance of companies always gives a chance for exploitation for the managers. It seems that the investors think that higher sales growth is not always possible due to good corporate governance. However, the investors should be made apparent the fact that a good governance strategy will increase the profit and the value of a firm. The company that has good corporate governance is also able to pay a higher amount of cash to the shareholders. Good corporate governance is also associated with effective compensation to the executives and directors, in the form of options in stock (Brown Caylor, 2004). The investors especially the small investors may be of the view that governance strategies believe in giving benefits to directors and executives in a way or the other. They should be made realized of the positive effects caused to investors too because of a sound governance. A good corporate governance strategy also helps in making long-term flows of international investment and enhances economic performance of a nation. Proper corporate governance also helps in the effective division of equity shares among the outsider investors and the insider ones. The external investors can gain a control over the activities of the management and insider investors. The stockholders also get a right to interfere in the top-level decision-making because of the policies laid at the governance strategy. The philosophy of core corporate governance addresses two tribulations. One is regarding vertical governance amid the secluded shareholders and the managers. The other one is concerned with horizontal governance amid a secluded shareholder and a controlling shareholder. The challenge that is needed to be addressed by the policy-makers is to make a strategy of governance in such a way so that both the controlling and other stakeholders remain in a win-win situation (Bocean Barbu, 2007). The existing conflicts among the managers and the shareholders seem to be another reason due to which the investors do not consider corporate governance as important in decision-making. The increasing trends of scandals have been raising questions on the effectiveness of corporate governance (Kang, Cheng Gray, 2007). Recommendations The theories and examples suggest that good corporate governance is very essential for proper functioning of a company. Investors get their rights protected by means of a sound governance strategy and the chances of exploitation by a manager get diluted. However, the corporate scandals are reducing the belief in the governance strategies. The reduction in sales growth, as well as increase in compensation of directors and executives are few other features of a governance strategy that have faded away the belief in corporate governance. The AICD must undertake campaigns to educate the investors about the need of sound corporate governance. The main focus should be to give live examples of companies that have witnessed a high growth in profit and shareholders return due to the presence of good corporate governance. The trust of corporate governance can be gained by giving examples of long-term benefits that firms have gained. In the short run, there may be downfall in the performance of a company despite the presence of governance strategy and that can lead to low return on investment. Subsequently, the management can decide that due to low returns, the dividends should be reinvested. The investors should be taught to create a sense of trust so that the business can reinvest the dividend and yield an enhanced return to the investors in the future. References Al-Haddad, W., Alzurqan, S. Al_Sufy, F 2011, The Effect of corporate governance on the performance of Jordanian Industrial Companies: An empirical study on Amman Stock Exchange. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, vol. 1, iss. 4, pp. 55-69. Barbu, C.M. and Bocean C.G 2007. Corporate governance and firm performance, Management Marketing-Craiova, vol. 1, pp.125-131. Brown, L., D. and Caylor, M., L 2004, Corporate governance and firm performance, Georgia State University, pp. 1-52. Chen, K.C., Chen, Z. Wei, K.J 2009, Legal protection of investors, corporate governance, and the cost of equity capital, Journal of Corporate Finance, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.273-289. Drobetz, W., Schillhofer, A. Zimmermann, H 2004. Corporate governance and expected stock returns: evidence from Germany, European Financial Management, vol. 10, iss. 2, pp.267-293. Gugler, K., P., Mueller, D.C. Yurtoglu, B., B., 2003. Corporate governance and the returns on investment. In EFA 2002, Berlin Meetings Presented Paper, pp.1-53. Kang, H., Cheng, M. Gray, S 2007. Corporate governance and board composition: diversity and independence of Australian boards, Corporate Governance: An International Review, vol. 15, iss. 2, pp.194-207. Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. W 1997. A survey of corporate governance, The Journal of Finance, vol. 52, iss. 2, pp.737-783. Aina, A 2013, Board of directors and corporate governance in Nigeria, International Journal of Business and Finance Management Research, vol. 1, pp. 21-34. Arnwine, D 2002, Effective governance: the roles and responsibilities of board members, Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent), vol.15 no. 1, pp. 19-22. Brickley A, Coles J Jarrell, G 1997, Leadership structure: separating the CEO and chairman of the board, Journal of Corporate Finance, pp. 189-220. Ferrell, O and Ferrell, L 2011, The Responsibility and accountability of CEO: the last interview with ken lay, Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 209-219. Gabrielsson, J, Huse, M Minichilli, A 2007, Understanding the leadership role of the board chairperson through a team production approach, International Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 3 no. 1, pp. 21-39. Jan, S. and Sangmi, M 2016, The Role of board of directors in corporate governance, Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, vol.2 no. 6, pp. 707-715. Kakabadse, A 2006, Chairman and chief executive officer (CEO): That Sacred and Secret Relationship Journal of Management Development, vol.25 no.2, pp. 1-32. Waller, L 2012, Directors duties and liabilities where are we now and where are we going in the UK, broader commonwealth, and internationally? International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol.3 no. 2, pp. 21-45.